Physiotherapy management of newly diagnosed Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Introduction The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis has been enhanced in recent times. Hunt Geddes (1985) noted that, in the past, many children succumbed to the condition in less than a year after birth. In addition, very few victims lived for over a decade after diagnosis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Physiotherapy management of newly diagnosed Cystic fibrosis (CF) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, great strides have been achieved in the management of the condition and over three quarters of the affected victims can now live up to adulthood with the condition. In recent times, treatment of cystic fibrosis has been advanced where both antibiotics and physiotherapy treatment are used to manage the condition. Maffessanti, Candusso, Brizzi, Piovesana (1996) noted that the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is common among children with very few cases reported among those in middle and late adulthood. This paper di scusses the issues that one would need to consider in the physiotherapy management of the patient newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF). According to Di Sant’Agnese Davis (1976), individuals diagnosed with Cystic fibrosis (CF) should have physiotherapy procedures as part of their treatment regimen. The procedures used, and the treatment program should be specific to each person. Stern (1997) noted that the procedures should encompass the airway clearance techniques, exercise, and sustenance of the thoracic and general mobility. Airway clearance techniques focus on reducing the blockage of the airway and enhancing ventilation. This is meant to postpone the progression of the disease. Exercise strives to increase cardiovascular and respiratory capability and strength within the lower and upper muscle areas. This improves endurance, functioning of the lungs, and general health.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your fir st paper with 15% OFF Learn More The maintenance of the general and thoracic mobility and body posture use certain stretching and strengthening routines that maintain or re-establish healthy body posture. They avert or treat an inflexible thoracic spine, as well as the costovertebral joints. Thus, the exercise facilitates efficient, painless rib excursion. The implications of cystic fibrosis (CF) for patients and their careers Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a complex condition that is challenging to manage. The therapeutic schedule is tedious and delicate for most patients. In addition, the therapeutic program is quite expensive and may strain the patient’s and/or family resources. Baumann, et al (2003) noted that the cost of the management rises with the age of the patient. In some countries, segregation is taken as a measure of preventing infection. This has a devastating impact on the social welfare of the patients. The segregation measures are most common among CF cente rs in some European countries. Though studies have revealed comparable educational levels between those suffering from CF and the general population, it has to be noted that CF patients experience delay in their education. Studies have also indicated that CF patients can be employed. However, according to Burker, Sedway Carone (2004), the patients’ condition seems to play a great part in influencing their careers. Another effect of CF is on the fertility of the adult patients. Male patients are normally infertile.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Physiotherapy management of newly diagnosed Cystic fibrosis (CF) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is due to the lack of vas deference in their genitalia. On the other hand, female patients may be fertile. However, they can expose themselves to great risks if they get pregnant. The age of the patient at diagnosis Diagnosis of CF has been advanced in modern da ys. According to Lannefors, Button McIlwaine (2004), most countries have embraced the screening of newborn infants. This has made it possible to diagnose CF in children within the first two months of birth. Initially, it was difficult to diagnose CF among the children. In this case, the diagnosis was based on symptoms that appeared when the victim was much older. During the initial stages, CF is asymptomatic and thus there are no signs of this condition. Symptoms begin to show after several months or year of birth. Tepper (1998) observed that CF is commonly diagnosed among infants and toddlers than in adults. However, this does not indicate that CF is unheard of in adults. As denoted by Hunt Geddes (1985), there are isolated cases in which adults have been diagnosed with the condition. In addition, Gershman, Mehta, Infeld Budev (2006) noted that CF cannot be considered solely as a pediatric disease. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (2003) noted that close to 80 percent of the CF pa tients are able to attain adult age when the condition is properly managed. Indeed, Yankaskas, Marshall, Sufian, Simon Rodman (2004) observed that those patients who were born with the condition starting from the 1990s are set to live for an average of forty years. This has been attributed to the enhanced management regimens in the modern world.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of the respiratory physiotherapist as part of a holistic, MDT approach to treatment management People should seek the services of a physiotherapist immediately after having been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. The patients should start training in the anatomy and physiological treatment techniques, as well as the relevant regime. Stern (1997) observed that patients should be taught how to detect an increase in respiratory symptoms, when to increase the incidence, and duration of treatment and the appropriate time to seek further medical advice. According to Kulich, Rosenfeld, Goss Wilmott (2003), education and training in cystic fibrosis and its treatment should be a continuous process of care. In addition, it should form a section of each review. The quantity of information communicated at this stage is determined by each family’s needs. Written information should be cross checked accordingly. It is essential to introduce early dialogue about the exercise being an integral part of the patient’s lifestyle. Peebles (2005) observed that, the family should be encouraged to think and develop activities that allow all members to participate. Children from highly active families have a likelihood of participating in sports more than any other activity. As denoted by Bush (2006), it is essential for parents and the entire family of the patient to be actively involved in the management program of the patient at an early stage to integrate physiotherapy into their daily routine. During the initial period, it is essential for the physiotherapist to build a strong rapport with the family. This will enable the physiotherapist to reassure, encourage, and obtain a clear understanding of how each family member copes with information about the diagnosis and the potential burden of caring for the patient. Substantial levels of rapport are fundamental in achieving an acceptable and efficient treatment strategy. According to Davis (2006) and Doull (2001), all patients should be evaluated and treated by a qualified physiotherapist within the first 24 hours after admission. This treatment regime should be sustained at an appropriate level with constant reassessment of the patient’s progress. Whenever feasible, the patient’s family should not be left to conduct treatment on their own. When a patient is hospitalized, it should serve as an opportunity to relieve the family from the burden of care. Horsley, Cunningham, Innes (2010) observed that, clearing of lung fields is the cornerstone of physiotherapy management procedures for a patient diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. The main causes of mortality and morbidity are known to be bronchiectasis and obstructive pulmonary illness. However, the latter accounts for a considerable share of all known deaths. The interrelationships between those involved According to Henley Hill (1990) cystic fibrosis is a condition that requires team management. In this case, the physiotherapist , the patient, and the family members have to participate in the management program. Essentially, the disease management team may include a dietician, a physician, a physiotherapist, a CF coordinator, a community nurse, a genetic counselor, and a CF pharmacist. Members of the disease management team are critical as each has a vital role to play. This enables the patient to live as comfortable as possible. According to Jaffà © Bush (2001), the family members of the patient should be summoned to the hospital immediately after the patient has been diagnosed with the condition. Hough (2001) and West (2011) acknowledged that, this is done to ensure the physiotherapist discusses the implications of the condition with the relevant stakeholders. In most cases, such discussions are overseen by the respiratory physicians who will manage the patient’s condition. The physician may be assisted by a cystic fibrosis coordinator and a counselor. A respiratory fellow of registrar might also be present. Notably, Horsley, Cunningham Innes (2010) noted that cystic fibrosis is a complicated disorder and its diagnosis can be a big blow to the families of the newly diagnosed patients. Therefore, it is important for a thorough education program to be initiated immediately a patient is diagnosed with this condition. Given that the diagnosis may have a strong emotional effect on the family members, they may not be able to comprehend the new information on how to manage the disease. According to Ranganathan (2006), the delivery of information should be a repetitive and continuous process to enhance comprehension. In addition, the aspect of staying positive and acknowledging the gravity of the condition should be emphasized. Conclusion It can be acknowledged that cystic fibrosis is an extremely complex disease. The condition is common among children. However, isolated incidences of adult being diagnosed with the disease have been noted. Nonetheless, with the enhanced technologi es in the modern world coupled with the adoption of the policy requiring the screening of the newborns, CF is diagnosed early among children. In fact, it has been noted that the condition can be diagnosed within the first two months of birth. The management of the condition can be tedious and time consuming. However, with determination and commitment from the patient and team members, the condition can be managed successfully. Individuals who have been diagnosed with the disease can live up to an average of forty years. It is extremely essential for the physiotherapist to establish a strong rapport with the patient and the patient’s family. This enhances effective communication about the diagnosis and the subsequent treatment regimen. All members of a family should help the patient recover by providing all the necessary support. In essence, the therapy management team is critical to effective disease management. Reference List Baumann, U, et al. 2003, â€Å"Cost of care and clinical condition in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients,† Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15463855 Burker, EJ, Sedway, J Carone, S 2004, â€Å"Psychological and educational factors: Better predictors of work status than FEV1 in adults with cystic fibrosis,† Pediatric Pulmonology, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 413-418. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15470683 Bush, A 2006, Cystic fibrosis in the 21st century: 47 tables, Karger, Basel. https://books.google.com/books?id=PvPrwfv2l5ECpg=PR3lpg=PR3dq=Cystic+fibrosis+in+the+21st+century:+47+tablessource=blots=NAosVTVAVZsig=FdFlPoqRE7hjcnQB7BnhvmoCPdohl=ensa=Xei=7dZ5UNi7PMGt0QXqnICABQved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=Cystic%20fibrosis%20in%20the%2021st%20century%3A%2047%20tablesf=false Cystic Fibrosis Foundation 2003, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry Annual Data Report 2002, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, MD. http://www.cfgr.gr/cfgr/files/2002_Patient_Registry_Repor t.pdf Davis, PB 2006,†Cystic Fibrosis Since 1938†³, Am. 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Care Med., vol. 173, no. 5, pp. 475-482. http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM197609022951005 Doull, IJ 2001, â€Å"Recent advances in cystic fibrosis,† Arch Dis Child, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 62–66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11420207 Di Sant’Agnese, PA Davis, PB 1976, â€Å"Research in Cystic Fibrosis†, N Engl J Med., vol. 295, pp. 534-541, DOI: 10.1056/NEJM197609022951005. http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM197609022951005 Gershman, AJ, Mehta, AC, Infeld, M Budev, MM 2006, â€Å"Cystic fibrosis in adults: An overview for the internist,† Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, vol. 73, no. 12, pp. 1065-1074. http://ccjm.org/content/73/12/1065.full.pdf Henley, LD Hill, ID 1990, â€Å"Global and specific disease-related information needs of cystic fibrosis patients and their families,† Pediatrics, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 1015-21. http://pediatrics.aa ppublications.org/content/85/6/1015.full.pdf Horsley, A, Cunningham, S, Innes, A 2010, Cystic fibrosis, Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://books.google.com/books?id=hUDeXpYPhCsCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Horsley,+A,+Cunningham,+S,+%26+Innes,+A+2010,+Cystic+fibrosissource=blots=9p4Tqk7jF4sig=Ctz27XLeU27BEn5N8CScRFtVRKQhl=ensa=Xei=itt5UMXcOc_Eswa-_4HYBAved=0CCwQ6AEwAA Hough, A 2001, Physiotherapy in respiratory care: An evidence-based approach to respiratory and cardiac management 3rd edn, Nelson Thornes Ltd, Cheltenham. https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk1NfFGMrJoCpg=PA481lpg=PA481dq=Hough,+A+2001,+Physiotherapy+in+respiratory+care:+An+evidence-based+approach+to+respiratory+and+cardiac+managementsource=blots=-MCrRKcCdvsig=1XnGKqc2LXCMsVekmc92Y-pXRDghl=ensa=Xei=xtt5UImlI8fRsgbEyoDQAQved=0CB0Q6AEwAA Hunt, B Geddes, DM 1985, â€Å"Newly diagnosed cystic fibrosis in middle and later life,† Thorax, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 23-26. http://thorax.bmj.com/content/40/1/23.full.pdf Jaffà ©, A Bush, A 2001, â€Å"Cystic fibrosis: review of the decade,† Monaldi Arch Chest Dis., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 240–247. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11665504 Kulich, M, Rosenfeld, M, Goss, CH Wilmott, R 2003, â€Å"Improved survival among young patients with cystic fibrosis,† J Pediatr, vol. 142, no. 6, pp. 631–636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12838190 Lannefors, L, Button, MB McIlwaine, M 2004, â€Å"Physiotherapy in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis: current practice and future developments,† Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 97, Suppl. 44, pp. 8–25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308795/pdf/15239290.pdf Maffessanti, M, Candusso, M, Brizzi, F Piovesana, F 1996, â€Å"Cystic fibrosis in children: HRCT findings and distribution of disease,† J Thorac Imaging, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 27–38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8770824 Peebles, A 2005, Cystic fibrosis care: A pra ctical guide, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. https://books.google.com/books/about/Cystic_Fibrosis_Care.html?id=UStgTw9zdK8Credir_esc=y Ranganathan, S 2006, MELBOURNE Handbook for the Management of Children with Cystic Fibrosis. http://ww2.rch.org.au/emplibrary/RESPMED/handbook.pdf Stern, RC 1997, â€Å"The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis,† N Engl J Med, vol. 336, no. 7, pp. 487–491. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199702133360707 Tepper, RS 1998, â€Å"Assessment of the respiratory status of infants and toddlers with cystic fibrosis,† J Pediatr., vol. 132, no. 3, pp. 380–381. http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476%2898%2970002-2/fulltext West, JB 2011, Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials, 9th edn, Waltors Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, London. https://books.google.com/books?id=eLRjk-VDF3cCprintsec=frontcoverdq=West,+JB+2011,+Respiratory+Physiology:+The+Essentials,source=blots=RlUJ6xHwz_sig=67j0hLehNuP-i31QyAYiGCCbN1Qhl=ensa=Xei =5eF5UK34F4aFhQekqoHgCwved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false Yankaskas, JR, Marshall, BC, Sufian, B, Simon, RH, Rodman, D 2004, â€Å"Cystic fibrosis adult care: consensus conference report,† Chest, 125, Suppl, pp. 1S–39S. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:YY6yk8IAQuMJ:www.cff.org/UploadedFiles/treatments/CFCareGuidelines/AgeSpecificCare/CF-Adult-Care-Chest-2004.pdf+hl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESgQIIcG-OVz4z7h_6VB0qbk1eZh_swPb_snp6iybtCPLyFEs9y6dy0s4ztAPu2lfi7etuspMFWqGK72PdNZuzzpyA-SUPygFITl0-Zsiy3RAlXvXfnc6irmmYm5QAALLO0hHVfdsig=AHIEtbRzx8LGw_aoxO7QM8k84OoqfYfmEw This essay on Physiotherapy management of newly diagnosed Cystic fibrosis (CF) was written and submitted by user Ka-Zar to help you with your own studies. 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Examining the case of Mutual Disassociation

Examining the case of Mutual Disassociation The rise of mutual disassociation that is emphasized by the essay of Sennet arises from the loss of the durable sense of common interests among people within the city (Sennet, 25).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Examining the case of Mutual Disassociation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contributing to this is the fact that the sense of community that used to exist prior to the development of the present day capitalist orientation has given way to the inclination that it makes no sense to develop relationships in the long run due to the temporary nature of interpersonal connections that is emphasized within workplace environments. What must be understood is that the basis behind the creation of communities and societies in the first place was the inherent common interests (i.e. the need for protection, the necessity of companionship, to be close to particular services etc.) from which people at the time derived a c ertain degree of mutual benefit. As a result, this created the concept of the social contract which takes the form of people agreeing to follow the rules of society in order to benefit from the common interests shared. Once factors such as mutual disassociation and the loss of common interests enters into the picture, people no longer derive any benefit from being part of society and thus the social contract between that individual and society dissolves resulting in adverse patterns of behavior and action. The train of thought of such individuals follows this particular method of implementation: why should I follow the rules when I have no common interests nor derive any benefit from society?. Given sufficient traction and enough individuals this may result in the complete dissolution of society as a whole with people acting for their own personal interests rather than the shared interests of the community.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to remedy this situation it is advised that a sense of belongingness be implemented in that practices that emphasize the temporary nature of job assignments, the dissolution of interpersonal relationships and an emphasis on competition rather than long term cooperation be dissolved in favor of practices which create a greater feeling of community for those employed within corporations. It is only by doing so that the potential dissolution of the various societal constructs that are currently present can be prevented. Experiencing the Power of Strangeness For me, the best way in order to experience the power of strangeness would be to visit the Downsview station near the Spadina subway extension, fold my arms behind my back and watch as people come and go from one direction to another. While this may seem a bit strange, the reason behind this is the fact that you get to see a lot of how a local society i s like by the way they travel. They can either be as aggressive as the people in New York or as orderly as the people in Tokyo. Combining this method of observance and experiencing the commute for myself would in a way help me to better understand the local people and for me this is truly a way of experiencing the power of strangeness (Mutrie, N.A.). Sending a Post-tourism tourist to the city Based on my experience, one of the more interesting locations that a post tourism tourist would enjoy would be Toronto city hall at night. While a city hall may not necessarily be the most fascinating location the fact is that its illuminated windows, combined with its architecture and the view of the nearby illuminated body of water at night is truly a sight to behold and one which is normally neglected in the hustle and bustle of city life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Examining the case of Mutual Disassociation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mutrie, Eric. This Must Be the Place: Travel Beyond Tourism. Strand [Tronto] 11 03 2011, n. pag. Print. Sennet , Richard. Cities without connection. New Stateman. 5 06 2000: 25. Print.

Tips to Write a Flawless Research Paper from Scratch

Tips to Write a Flawless Research Paper from Scratch Tips to Write a Brilliant Research Paper Students should never underestimate the education process and expect it to be simple. Every academic course appears to be a challenge no matter if you study in a high school, college or university. Students face tons of writing tasks and assignments of different types. Writing tasks have a great influence on the academic progress and define your final grade at the end of the curse. Failing the task means problems in getting a higher mark or completing your education. Students are assigned tons of different academic works. Research papers are probably the most common ones. Although we are all familiar to this type of assignment, a few students are actually able to come up with a flawless paper that meets all necessary requirements. In this article, we will find out what a research paper is and how to write a brilliant work. The Definition of a Research Paper A research paper is a typical writing tasks for students who study in high schools, colleges and universities. The paper refers to different grades and levels. It represents a scientific work where students are supposed to highlight their acknowledgment with the topic in addition to an in-depth research and analysis of the subject. The main mission is to stress the issue of the topic, explore it, provide argumentation and solutions to the problem raised. Although each research paper refers to different fields and areas, it features a typical structure. Make sure your paper has: An introduction. A thesis statement. Body paragraphs. Conclusion. Sometimes you may be asked to additionally provide an outline and reference list. Make sure you strictly follow all the instruction assigned by the teacher. Also keep an eye on the type of the paper you need to write. A research paper can be of different types. General Research Paper Types Although all research papers have the same goal when it comes to students writing challenges, they can be of different types. Each type boasts its own unique particularities. Make sure you have a clear understanding of the task. Otherwise, you will not be able to provide a high-quality content. Here are some of the main types of research papers students usually face: Definition Papers; Cause Effect Paper; Argumentative Essay; Analytic and Report Research Papers; Compare Contrast Essays. These are some of the major paper types you will have to write during the education course. Define the type of the project and you will define its aim. Now, lets get to the writing tips that will make it easy to produce a high-quality paper. Research Paper Writing Tips It does not actually matter, what type of research paper you were assigned. You will need all your knowledge of the subject in addition to exceptional research and analytic skills. A few writers can boast possessing such an award-winning combination. However, there are still some tips that will put an ease on the writing process. We do hope they will help you save some energy and time: Make an outline start planning your paper beforehand. Avoid writing your work 2 days before the deadline. Reserve at least a couple of weeks; Conduct a strong thesis statement every brilliant research paper starts with a winning thesis statement. Make it short and persuasive at the same time. Hook your readers up and highlight the main problem and argumentation of your paper; Take notes keep on writing notes every time you have some fresh ideas. They will let you make the text more lively. Keep them all in one place; Follow all the requirements make sure your work meets all established requirements. The slightest miss, and you are doomed to failure; Edit and proofread keep an eye on the slightest grammar and punctuation mistake. Ensure it is 100% plagiarism-free and well-formatted. If you still have difficulties in completing the task, you can opt for some more effective solutions like buying paper online from a proven company that delivers exceptional quality writing services. Who Can Help to Write a Research Paper? Students face numerous obstacles on the way to a successful education course. The lack of time in addition to dozens of regular assignments hardly put an ease on the studying process. This is where online writing services may come in handy. Choose only well-established websites with a good reputation on the web. Avoid amateur writing companies and opt for proven leaders in the niche of academic assistance.

Financial Reporting for Sainsbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Reporting for Sainsbury - Essay Example Income 640 585 Revenue 21,102 19,964 Net Profit Margin (Net Income / Revenue) 3.03% 2.93% (Sainsbury’s Annual Report 2011) The net profit margin indicates that over the past two year period, the company has increased its earning per dollar of revenue earned as it net profit margin percentage has increased from 2.93% in 2010 to 3.03% in 2011.additionally, for the current year, we can see that the company has earned 3 cents in net profit or net income against each dollar of revenue that it has earned in 2011. These net profit margin figures are also indicative of the fact that the company has been able to grow and improve its pricing strategy, reduce its operational costs and reduce its liability costs (interest to be paid) over the year which had led to an increase of 0.1% over the year (Ratio – Profit Margin, 2012, 3 Financial Ratios, 2012) Stockholders Equity Ratio: Details 2011 2010 Total Liabilities 5,475 5,679 Stockholders Equity 4,221 4,157 Stockholders Equity Rati o (Total Liabilities / Stockholders Equity) 1.30 1.37 (Sainsbury’s Annual Report 2011) The stockholders equity ratio indicates that the company has leveraged its equity and taken loans and established liabilities against it. The ratio is indicative of the number of times the company has leveraged itself over its equity. This implies that in 2011, the company has leveraged about 1.3 times its equity which has actually reduced from the previous year when it was 1.37 in 2010. A high ratio of stockholders equity indicates that the company has an aggressive financing mode and would like to grow through financial leverage instead of organic growth through buildup of retained earnings. For an organization that is in the retail sector, leverage ratios are generally ranging from 1.5 to 1.68 which means that... Center of discussion in this paper is Sainsbury Supermarket Ltd. Is a child company of Sainsbury’s PLC which is also commonly known as Sainsbury’s and is also the third largest retail outlet in the United Kingdom with a market share ranging to about 17%. Sainsbury’s has a long and hard history with several brand and organizational re-launches and which dates back to the 19th century in the Victorian Era. It became the largest retail store in London in the early 1920’s and is considered as a pioneer for self service in a retail store. In the early 1990’s, Tesco and Asda became larger than Sainsbury’s and took over its market share letting it slide down to the third position in the retail industry. In 2010-11, Sainsbury launched several sponsorship programs, the most popular of which is the sponsorship for 2012 Paralympics. In 2011, Sainsbury’s also opened its 1000th store which is based in Scotland and marks a major milestone for the co mpany and for the entire Sainsbury’s group. The financial analysis for Sainsbury’s includes two major ratios which are Net Profit Margin and Stockholder’s Equity Ratio. The case in point was the annual report for 2010-11 for Sainsbury’s Supermarket Ltd. which is one of the largest retail stores in the United Kingdom. The analysis of its ratios indicates that the company has shown great promise and its net profit margin has shown an improvement over the two year time period while its leverage is also significantly lower than an average of the retail companies.

Civilised Life and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civilised Life and the Environment - Essay Example This brings in conflicts between the desire to have a civilized life and the maintenance of the innate environment. While mechanisms applied by engineers could likely help in handling continuous resource competition, no solutions are offered to the running out ecological services. Most critical ecosystem services such as watershed filtration, climate stability, and soil fertility are not valued and thus as these natural resources are threatened, no technological ability is put in place to substitute ecological services at the costs and volumes needed. Life is increasingly surrounded and tied down by Technological schemes. Although modern science helps people to understand, control, and reform nature, the inappropriate use and development of technology lead to major negative impacts such as resource depletion, environmental pollution, and ecological destruction. Modern technology enriches improves living conditions and enriches material life, but its rapid and strong power can result in ethical controversies like genetic modification, cloning, and nuclear weapons. These complicated matters are inevitable and challenge the current environmental maintenance. While all tend to consent that technology creates civilization and must be continually developed, opinions differ as to the way technology should be related to the environment. The idea that technology destroys the environment should not destruct our attention from the reality that developed and civilized countries are still major movers in environmental processes and have continuing responsibilities concerning the issue. Many of the most critical environmental problems faced by the modern world are not caused by industrialized countries. Additionally, emerging civilized artifacts and processes have a chance to shape the future of the environment as compared to the previous days. China for instance, is emerging as a new center of recycling. It seems aware of the opportunity they posses to initiate new technolo gy under various conditions. Thee most pressing worldwide environmental problems are not of their making; yet they have a valid way to undo these issues by bending the recognizable curve that illustrates the relationship between technology and environmental degradation. Technology has been the one of the key drivers of environmental processes. For example, transport technologies have made the world more global and smaller planet, but have also led to new environmental stress, particularly through the raise in atmospheric carbon concentrations. Though the civilized processes have sped up prosperity in most cases, it has also permitted the extraction of natural resources such as timber, fish, metals, and minerals at unexpected rates. On the other hand, technological advances have allowed reduced environmental problems. Research shows that China’s economic advancements go hand in hand with a comparatively lesser emissions than the earlier rates in North America and Europe becaus e China has utilized technologies that are much cleaner than the other two were using at the same stages of creation. Automobiles are an important area when looking into the conflict between technological advances and environmental maintenance. Automobiles at present are cleaner in environmental terms than they were 30 or 40 years back. The

Evian bottled water brand in the US market

Evian bottled water brand in the US market 1. Case overview: Although it has achieved great success in other part of the world, the Danone and its Evian bottled water brand are facing significant pressure while handling the U.S. market. After the cola giants Coke and Pepsi set up their own bottled water brands, Dasani and Aquafina, Danone is the number four in the U.S. market with only a 3.5% market share in 2001. Danone is facing two main problems when dealing with the U.S. market. Firstly, the U.S. customers do not accept the premium on the Evian brand, they care less about the type of the bottled water and prefer cheaper water like Aquafina or Dasani. Then, the distribute system in U.S. market is quite different from that in Europe. To carry out a strategy for its further business in the U.S., Danone made the first agreements in April 2002 with one of its most powerful opponents Coca-Cola to let Coke take charge of the Evian brand in North America. Coca-Cola will help Danone within the distribution and market performance, and will get incentives in return of the annual sales growth of Evian bottled water. The second agreement carried in June 2002 is mainly about the two companies announced a joint venture. Danone will contributes license for use several value brands and production facilities, while Coca-Cola pays cash for ownership interest and provide management. Coca-Cola needs to help achieve a guaranteed profit level; however, the penalty is not clear. The alliance of the two companies provokes debates about whether it is a way to improve sales condition or it is a sign of Danones unofficial quit from the U.S. bottled water market. What is the right decision for Danone remains to be proved. 2. Why Evians market share in the U.S. kept falling after the cola giants start their bottled water brands in the late 1980s? The Japanese strategist Kenichi Ohmae developed the 3Cs Model indicated three main players that are necessary for successful business strategy: the corporation, the customer, and the competitors. (Kenichi Ohmae, 1982) When mention the competitors, Coke and Pepsi who sell purified water that avoid extra handling and transport costs, enjoy much lower cost than Evian does. Meanwhile, their distribution systems are well developed thanks to their successful operating on other beverage such as cola. The result is that they can have their cheaper products on more shelves quickly. What is more, as Coca-Cola, Pepsi and NestlÃÆ'Â © are all well-known companies throughout the America, not only their products quality are guaranteed, but also their bottled water brands do not need too much promotion. For the customer part, in the European market where Danone has achieved great success, the customers understand the differences between glacier-sources water and purified water or tap water. They are willing to pay the premium price to purchase the consistent quality and taste of bottled water. But the U.S. customers seem to ignore the classifications of bottled water, and they are extreme price-sensitivity, their first choice is often the cheapest water on the store shelves. Obviously, the Danone Corporation itself has done quite few when facing the hard situation. The company was not well prepared for the entry of cola giants at the beginning. The former achievement within other part of the world especially in Europe makes the company blind worship its Danone business equation and refused to change its business strategy to fit the U.S. market. Also, Danone did not introduce its innovative products which are very popular in the European market, and few marketing activities such as advertises are mentioned to introduced to encourage the U.S. market accept the glacier premium. 3. Positive and negative sides of Danones strategy of running business on its own in the U.S. market. Generally speaking, one advantage of going it alone strategy is it will help keeping the companys national, historical and family pride. The following will analyse the pros and cons of two parts of this remaining one single business entity strategy respectively. The first part is to admit that the Evian brand is not a U.S. market leader but a niche product which is a high-end premium bottled water with the label of health. As the U.S. bottled water market determines the market leader by price and logistics, Evian has to make full use of its nature of unique pristine qualities to provide higher-margin product for specialized customers who understand and appreciate the price premium of bottled water which has better resource and quality. Such customer can be created by purposeful marketing and advertising. Though the group size of these customers might be not so big, the sale profit can be guaranteed by the higher sale price. Clearly, segmentation will help the company focus its strategy but the development of broad-brand equity might be inhibited. The second part is about to place its locally-sourced spring water compete against the Big Three of the U.S. bottled water market in the mid-market which has high sale volume and is price-driven. This plan sounds a good way for Danone to get the lost market share back in the U.S. The defect of this strategy is that large sum of investment need to be paid for acquiring the production facilities and distribution systems, the cost-recovery, however, would take a very long-time. Since the result of compete against NestlÃÆ'Â © and cola giants in the U.S. market are not so lucidity or even optimistic, this plan is unsuitable for Danone. Besides, manage large number of new employees for production and distribution would be another problem for the company. 4. The effect of Danone give up the whole U.S. bottled water market. The impact of keeping Evian brand only as a niche player in the U.S. market has been cited before as only a smaller group of specialized customers will be considered as target, and Evian will be redefined as a high-end premium bottled water in the market. There are many other ramifications of Danones getting out of the U.S. market. Firstly, since there is no report of loss in the American market, it keeps earning money for the company though not as much as other market does, abandon the U.S. market means the company will lose the market share and profit from the market. Secondly, the company has to deal with assets and employees that will no longer working for the corporation. Since there are only a few potential buyers for these assets, powerful buyers can minimize their cost of purchase. Thus the company may suffer a sizeable loss on that. Thirdly, leaving the U.S. market might be a negative signal to other markets and its stakeholders that the company is unable to handle such a profitable market. The direct result may reflect on its share price which will experience a significant fall. What is more, the exiting strategy will blemish the value and goodwill of both Evian brand and the Danone Group and it is not good news for the companys business in other market. Finally, once exit, the re-enter to the market will be much tougher. While remain in the market helps keep the long-term opportunities for the company, it is really difficult for any external company to find a chance to get in and earn money. 5. Comment on the joint ventures with Coca-Cola. Clearly, the joint ventures with the cola giant have many advantages. To be specific, since the Danones strategy and market method cannot meet the needs of the U.S. market, shifting the marketing and distribution control to a company that has more success experience is sensible. With the help of Coke with the marketing and delivery, Danones products can expect a sizeable increase in sell. Besides, as Coca-Cola take charge of those Danones business in the America, the saved resources including marketing and managing expenses and human resources can be put into other markets which are more likely to gain success. In addition, the Evians brand image of high-end will be maintained according to the marketing strategy of the joint ventures. In other words, to remain the corporation and its products in the U.S. market with the sale volume growth guarantee provided by Coke is a safe game for Danone. However, there are some unreasonable factors within the joint ventures. First, as is mentioned in the case, no punishment of Cokes unable to achieve the sale promise is unclear, what if the Danone products keep losing market share? Second, as Coca-Cola gets 51% of the ownership, Danones suggestions might be so weak while making important decisions. Besides, there seems to be an overlap between Cokes bottled water Dasani and Danones Danone brand spring water, so it is doubtful the cola giant is willing to accomplish the sale growth of its joint ventures partners at the expense of its own products. In sum, the cooperation with Coca-Cola is the most ideal way for Danone when handling the U.S. market, but the result might not so ideal because of those internal and external (i.e. economic and market changes) uncertainties. Bibliography Ohmae, K. (1982). The mind of the strategist : the art of Japanese business. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kotabe, M Helsen, K. (2008). Global marketing management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc.

HBS. Tristar

Rainbow Products and the paint-mixing machine A) The paint-mixing machine cost 35. 000 dollars, which is the initial cash outflow. The machine will generate additional cash inflows of 5. 000 dollars for the next 1 5 years. With cost of capital of 12% the Net Present value can be calculated using the NP formula in Excel: NP= – 945. 68 Data Description Rate $0. 12 935,000. 00 Investment $5,000. 00 scofflaws at the end of year $34,054. 32 NP $-945. 68Note that because the cash inflow is constantly reoccurring and occurs for a set period of time the Present value could also be calculated as an Annuity and then added to the initial cash outflow. Doing this calculation, one would expect the result to be the same. Internal Rate of Return, AIR, is the return on the investment when NP is zero. AIR can also be calculated using Excel: Because AIR is less than the cost of capital (12%) and the NP is negative, both methods suggest that undertaking the investment would destroy shareholders value, hush the investment should not be undertaken.The simple Payback period is when the initial investment is recovered, this will occur at the end of year 7, thus the payback period is 8 years. B) For an additional 500 dollars the machine can get service each year to â€Å"as-good-as- new' and the value of the investment can thus be calculated as a perpetuity. A Perpetuity is calculated as: Thus, NP = -35,000 + 37,500 = 2500 NP is positive with the service contract, so Rainbow Products should undertake the investment, as it will increase shareholder value.C) Rainbows engineers have another way of preserving and increasing the capability of the machine, which allows the annual scofflaws to increase by 4%, this requires reinvesting 20% of the annual scofflaws. The Present Value of an end-of-year perpetuity is calculated as: Thus, the NP = -35,000 + 50,000 = 15,000 As the NP of the investment in the machine with engineers added work is 12,500 dollars more than the NP of the investm ent in the machine with â€Å"as-good-as-new contract.